Utilization of Alginate-Chitosan Matrix in Protease Immobilization for Fish Protein Hydrolysate Production

Abstract

Protease enzymes are widely used in protein hydrolysis to produce fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) with functional and bioactive properties. However, using enzymes on large scale faces challenges. High production costs and enzyme instability are the main issues. Enzyme immobilization offers a solution by enabling enzyme reuse, maintaining activity over a wider temperature and pH range, and reducing costs. This review examines the use of alginate and chitin as immobilization matrices for protease enzymes in FPH production. Various immobilization methods are discussed, including entrapment, adsorption, and covalent bonding, with their advantages and limitations. Alginate is an a low-cost matrix tha can be combined with other polymer and has better thermal stability. Chitosan provides structural stability and when combine with alginate, prevents enzyme leakage. This review shows that immobilized protease enzymes are more stable tha free enzymes, making the economical for industrial use. FPH made by enzymatic hydrolysis shows good functional properties and bioactivity, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, and anticancer effects. This review concludes that the alginate-chitosan combination represents a promising matrix for protease enzyme immobilization in sustainable FPH production.